Notes

=Notes=


 * 2nd Semester Notes**

January 19, 2010
 * What are the responsibilities of your government to the individual citizens of the country?** Protect the rights of the citizens from other countries or people. Provide for the general welfare of the people i.e. police, firemen, EMT, road workers, sewage services, garbage services, buses, trains, siestas[[image:graph.jpg align="left"]]


 * How will the government get the money necessary to provide services to the citizens?** taxes (muy pequeno), printing money, and fees. Also, a tropical spa resort.


 * Who will make the decisions for the people? What kind of government will you have? How will they be selected?** Chosen by the people.

January 25, 2010 __**//If Christ Came to Chicago//**__, written by William Thomas Stead around the turn of the 20th century. The book discussed the story of Christ throwing the money changers out of the temple and the similarities in Chicago with the very wealthy and the very poor. He felt that it was the responsibility of the churches to take care of the poor and needy, the idea became known as social gospel but is now more commonly known as social justice.

__**Muckrackers**:__ a term coined by President Roosevelt to describe those people who dug around until they find one of the most disgusting things and write about it. Includes such people and literary works as: The Jungle by Upton Sinclair, Sister Carrie by Theodore Dreiser, and The Shame of Cities by Lincoln Steffans. Jacob Riis was a photographer who took pictures of the ghettos in cities and compiled them in a book, How the Other Half Lives. This promotes legislation to try and fix the problems brought up.


 * __Jane Adams:__** A very wealthy woman who spent the entirety of her adult life working to make the life of those who are needy. She rents a house and begins the Hull House which was a day care and education center for children and mothers. She was very successful in improving the life of those people who participated. Eventually she runs out of money, but other wealthy people donate money and she obtains several partners. This establishment went on to set up over 30 "settlement" houses in other large cities.

January 29, 2010 __**Plessy v. Ferguson:**__ Homer Plessy was 1/8 black. He intentionally boards a white bus and refused to get off. He was arrested and pled guilty to the offense. He was fined and refused to pay the fine to test the law. The case goes to the Supreme Court and they uphold the constitutionality of racial segregation in public places.

__**Triangle Shirtwaste Co.:**__ The Triangle Shirtwaist Company was a company which produced women's blouses (called shirtwaist's) and employed mostly young immigrant women. The company took up the eight, ninth, and tenth floors of the Asch Building in New York City. On Saturday, March 25, 1911, near the end of the workday, a fire ignited in a scrap bin on the eighth floor. A bookkeeper was able to telephone the news to workers on the tenth floor. However, the building contained no fire alarm and there was no means of contact to the ninth floor. Those on the ninth floor recieved warning of the fire at the same instant the fire arrived on the ninth floor.


 * __Tammany Hall (Political Machines):

Pullman Strike:__** George Pullman invented and marketed a luxury passenger/sleeping car for trains and was incredibly successful. He builds a town for his workers 14 miles from Chicago called Pullman, Illinois. In the Panic of 1893, Pullman had to cut his workers wages because of the drop in sales. However, he doesn't lower rent for his workers in his town. On May 24, 1894 led by Eugene V. Debs and the American Railroad Union (ARU), Pullman's workers strike. At the height of the strike, over 250,000 railroad workers in 27 states were involved. It almost completely shutdown the railroads so no cargo/people could be


 * __W.E.B. DuBois:__** Believed that the way to be equal with whites was to quickly and forcibly tell whites they were equal.
 * __Booker T. Washington:__** Believed that the way to solve the problem of inequality was to educate the black population and slowly reach equality. He believed the process would take almost 80 years.


 * __Carrie Catt:__** Womens Suffrage Activist, believed that the way to obtain votes for women was to be involved in politics and talk with senators and let them know that they knew what was going on and wanted their votes.


 * __Alice Paul:__** Believed in violently campaigning for suffrage. Was arrested several times because of her strikes. Suffragetes.

__**Monroe Doctrine:**__ United States policy Imperialism: Roosevelt Corollary
 * WWI in Europe**
 * __Submarines:__** During World War 1, Germany's secret weapon was the submarine. The German subs would sink ships without giving any warning, which was against the rules of war. It was customary to surface, warn the ship that it was about to be sunk, and allow the passengers to get off the ship. Germany also sinks American merchant ships carrying weapons to their enemy countries. This is one of the reasons why America gets involved in World War I. Another reason was the sinking of the passenger ship Lusitania by German U-Boats.[[image:http://www.wikispaces.com/i/c.gif width="22" height="22" caption="Bold"]]


 * __14 Points:__** Wilson's points that will keep the world from getting involved in another war. The most important point was an international group of leaders that would get together and solve the world's problems through diplomacy. (League of Nations). All the winners of the War join the League of Nations, except the United States and Russia (Communism). When Germany is given the chance to join, they refuse.


 * February 23, 2010**
 * __Scopes Trial__**: 1925. A law which declared one could not teach anything in school that was against the teachings in the Bible. It was specifically aimed at Biology and the sciences, because the theory of evolution was beginning to be accepted by society. ACLU offered to pay anyone who was willing to break the law by teaching evolution in schools, in protest of the law, in order to get it changed. A wealthy man, George Rappleyea, living in rural Dayton, Tennessee, decides that he wants to bring the publicity to the town which will bring more money. The man asks a friend of his, John Scopes, a football coach at the local high school, to substitute for a science class and teach them evolution. Scopes is arrested and taken to court. He is found guilty by the court and fined $100. The man and his friend appeal the trial, and they bring in big name lawyers for this new trial. William Jennings Bryan, a well known politician who ran for President three times, is brought in to defend the ideologies of creationists. Clarence Darrow is brought in to defend the evolution point of view.


 * __Advertising__**: Advertising had been around for quite a while, but new ways of advertising began to emerge. Because of the cost of advertising, it made the price of the advertised product go up.

__**World War I bonuses**__: In 1924-25, Congress passed a law that said that World War I veterans would be paid a war bonus, but because of the shape the economy was in, they would be paid in 20 years. Home values, wages,


 * __Herbert C. Hoover__**: 31st President of the United States. He was born in 1874 to Jesse and Hulda Hoover. His father was a blacksmith. By the time he was nine, both his parents had died and he went to live with an aunt and uncle. He attends Stanford University in California, as one of the first students. He studies to become a mining engineer. He gets a job in Australia and becomes someone through his shrewd business sense. He and his wife, Lou Henry Hoover, were living in China during the Boxer Rebellion and he led some of the American troops during the rebellion. During World War I, he arranged for Americans trapped in Europe because of the outbreak of the war, transportation back to the States. In 1928, Hoover was elected President of the United States. He was President during the beginning of the Great Depression.


 * February 25, 2010**
 * __Great Depression__**: Prior to the Great Depression, the economy was booming. During the period known as the Roaring Twenties, life was good and money was easy to come by. Stores offered credit, so people were able to buy things that they wouldn't have otherwise been able to. Banks were offering loans to people that wouldn't otherwise be able to get loans and buy houses. However in 1929, the stock market crashed on what came to be known as Black Tuesday. Whole companies went out of business, millions of people were laid off, and banks began to fail. Because people were out of work, they were not able to pay their loans and banks were forced to foreclose on homes. Foreign countries were not spending money in the United States, home prices were going down, and people were not able to pay their debts. President at the time, Herbert Hoover, told the people that it would look up in a few months. However, when things did not begin looking up in, people began to blame him for the problems. In 1932, he sought for re-election but was defeated by FDR.


 * __New Deal__**: a series of economic programs put into place by President Roosevelt. Essentially, the government created jobs doing things that the country did not need, but it created jobs. He created what was called alphabet agency because each agency was generally known by letters. Some examples are WPA (Works Progress Administration), PWA (Public Works Administration), AAA (Agricultural Adjustment Administration), and the CCC (Civilian Conservation Corps).

Because of World War I, Germany was hurting financially. Any money made during the first World War and the second was paid to France. Because Germany lost the war, France forced Germany to pay massive war reparations that could never possibly repay. Hitler comes to power and decides to no longer pay France. France cannot get anyone to help them get Germany to pay them and no one is willing to help them because the whole world is in the middle of the Great Depression. In 1937, Hilter goes into Czechoslovakia and annexes the German part into Germany. Finally, England decides that Hitler has over stepped his bounds. British Prime Minister Neville Chamberlain meets with Hitler and together they sign the Munich Agreements which states that Hitler would not take over any more countries. In March 1938, Hitler takes over Austria. However, he says that Austria wanted him to take them over. He promises he won't take over anymore countries. However, on September 1, 1939, Hitler militarily takes over Poland. This is the official start date of World War II. England and France then declare war on Germany. Canada joins the war because of their ties to England. In Asia, another war starts when Japan attacks a portion of China. So, there are two wars, one in Europe and one in Asia. The United States has decided to stay out of the war. The war in Asia and the war in Europe combined by the entrance of the United States with the Attack on Pearl Harbor. The war in Europe ends sooner, in 1944. The United States invades Europe on D-Day in Normandy and help to end the war. However, the United States is still fighting Japan. Japan won all the battles for about the first two years. The Battle of Midway was the turning point of the war. Iwo Jima was another massive battle. At the end of the battle, six marines raise the Stars & Stripes over the island. One of the marines was Ira Hayes.
 * __WWII__**:

A huge international event involving the United States and it's allies against the Soviet Union and it's allies. The United States' policy is to contain the spread of Communism. Wherever Russia was trying to take over, the United States would be there.
 * __Cold War:__**

Berlin: the first area to be divided between the United States and the Soviet Union. In order to try and control West Berlin as well as East Berlin, the Soviet Union cut off any trains and supplies to the city. However, the United States sent bomber planes full of supplies for months, and Russia finally gave up. Life is getting better for West Berliners and worse for East Berliners. However, in order to keep the East side in, the Russians build the Berlin Wall.

Korea: the same situation happens in Korea as happened in Berlin. The North became Communistic and the South becomes more like the United States.

Space: The Russians and the Americans race to space. The Russians first launch Sputnik and it freaks the United States out. In 1969, the United States sends a man to the moon and back.


 * 1st Semester Notes**

August 26th
 * __Encomienda System__**: a system set up by the Spanish to control the native population of the Americas and to make money.

The Encomienda System did not work for many reasons. It eventually turned into slavery and the Indians contracted diseases and many died. This problem led to the importation of slaves from Africa and the Caribbean.
 * __Encomienda:__** to entrust


 * __Join-Stock__**: a partnership between a company and a group of people. The company agreed to provide for the group financially and the group agreed to give the company a certain percentage of their proftis.

This system was the beginning of the United States. Spain, France, Portugal, and England all used this system to gain new lands.


 * __Jamestown__**: one of the first joint-stock colonies set up. It was the property of the English crown.


 * __John Rolfe__**: Brought a group of people to Jamestown. Credited as the having the first successful tobacco crop.

Born in Heacham, England about 1585. Married Sarah Hacker around 1608 and they came to the New World in 1609. They were shipwrecked in the Bahamas on the way and Sarah deliverd a daughter, Bermuda, there. The child died soon after. They eventually made it to Jamestown, where Sarah died soon after. Married Pocahontas, who changed her name to Rebecca. Son Thomas Rolfe was born to them. During a visit to England, Pocahontas became ill and died. He married Jane Pierce and they had a daughter, Elizabeth, who died at the age of 15. Rolfe died in 1622, the cause unknown.

August 28th
 * __Plymouth Colony:__** Colony set up by Puritans (Pilgrims) from England for religious freedom.

The Pilgrims leave England because they are persecuted for their religion. They first find religious freedom in Leiden, The Netherlands. They live there for several years and thrive. They eventually decide to settle in the New World. The group is made up of about 55% Pilgrims and 45% what the Pilgrims called "The Strangers". William Bradford takes leadership of the Pilgrims after John Carver dies. Myles Standish is the leader of "The Strangers", and proves to be very helpful because of his military experience. With the help of Squanto, the colonists survive the winter and form an alliance with the Wampanoags. These circumstances lead to the First Thanksgiving and is something that we still practice today, over 350 years later.

__**Massachusetts Bay Colony:**__ A group of the original Pilgrims that move farther north and settled what eventually becomes Boston.
 * __Pequot War:__** A conflict between the colonists of the Massachusetts Bay and Plymouth colonies and their native alliances (the Narragansett and Mohegan tribes) and the Pequot tribe between 1634-1638.

The English and their allies won. The effects of the war was fatal to the Pequot tribe. Those people of the tribe who were not killed, offered themselves as slaves in exchange for their lives.

September 10th __**Mercantilism**__: a trading system where the assests are measured in precious metals and goal is for the exports to be greater than the imports.

Tariff: a tax placed on goods that are imported

__**Triangular Trade**__: trade among three ports or regions. England, Africa and the Colonies formed a triangular trade system.


 * __Salutary Neglect__**: The colonies are neglected by England for more than a hundred years (1650-1763).

England passes the Navigation Acts, which are laws that deal with who can import things to the colonies. As long as the colonies behave and make money for England, England lets them be. The French and Indian War erupts and England tightens it's grip on the colonies and they rebel. This is one of the leading causes of the Revolutionary War.

September 14, 2009 __**Religious Freedom in the Colonies**__:

Begins with the Reformation of the Catholic Church. In the Church of England (a reformation of the Catholic Church), a group called the Puritans, want to reform the Church. They settle in America because of religious freedom. William Bradford is the leader. Anne Hutchinson begins to have bible meetings in her house. She did not want a pastor to help the people interpret the Bible. She feels that the bible does not support the treatment of women as second class citizens. She believes that according to the Bible, slavery is evil. She gets kicked out and lives in Rhode Island. She buys land from the Indians and starts her own colony.

Massachusetts Bay and Plymouth Colony: Colonies settled primarily for religious freedom, but later on, settlers were probably looking for financial gain.

__**Salem Witch Trials**__: Puritans believed and were in fear that the devil would try and take control of them.

Tituba: one of the first to be accused of witch craft. She had possible mental problems. She confessed that the Devil and come and told her to obey him.

If you were put on trial for being a witch, and pled guilty, you were given your life if you helped find other witches during a witch-hunt. 19 witches were hung, others died in prison waiting to be tried, and one man was stoned because he refused to declare if he was guilty or not. The total number of deaths was 27. 140 people were accused of being related to witchcraft. Mary Esty was the only witch to plead not guilty and be proven not guilty.

__**George Washington**__:

February 22, 1732 in Westmoreland County, Virginia. He spent most of his childhood on the family estate on Pope's Creek on the Potomac River. His father died in 1743. Soon after, he went to live with his half brother Lawrence at Mount Vernon. Lawrence became like a father to him. Lawrence developed tuberculosis and passed away in 1752. He was a commander in the French and Indian War. Washington married Martha Dandridge Custis in 1759. She had two children and was very wealthy. One of the major things George Washtington is known for was his contributions as the Commander in Chief of the Continental Army during the Revolutionary War. He was elected as President of the United States of America in 1789. He served as President until 1797, when he resigned. He was responsible for the Jay's Treaty, peace with the Indians, and a well placed financial system. He died at Mount Vernon on December 14, 1799.

September 18,2009 __**The French and Indian War**__: (1756-1763) the bloodiest American war in the eighteenth century. It took more lives than the American Revolution. It was extension of the Seven Years War in Europe between France and England. It is called the French and Indian War, because the Indians were on the side of the French. George Washington was a young general, fighting on the side of the English. The French beat him soundly, but England eventually wins.

__**Proclamation Acts**__: As a result of the French and Indian War, France backs out and reliquish their claim to land in America. Britian passes the Proclamation Acts. Essentially, Britian tells the Colonies they can not expand into the new territory

__**Navigation Acts**__: Designed to protect the English Empire. Controlled the shipping and what could be imported and exported. The Acts proclaimed that the Colonies could only buy from Britain. Although the Colonies could buy from anyone, huge teriffs were placed on the imports from other countries. The response to the enforcement of the Navigation Acts is that the Colonies set up a black market with the Dutch.

September 22, 2009 __**Sons of Liberty**__: a group of shopkeepers and workers to against the Stamp Act (a direct punishment on the Colonies) and other injustices. John Gill (owner of the Boston Gazette), Patrick Henry, Paul Revere, John Hancock, John Adams and Sam Adams were all prominent members.

The first act as the Sons of Liberty was to create a dummy of Andrew Oliver (the tax collector). They hung it in a tree by his house. They also burned his home down, cut the head off the dummy (as a threat), threw rocks at his family on the street.
 * __Boston Massacre__**: Happened March 5, 1770. Four were killed and six others were wounded.

A young wig apprentice was outside telling people that a soldier had ordered a wig and not payed for it. A group of soldiers was standing nearby and the soldier hit the apprentice with the butt of his gun. Others came to see what was happening. The group of soldiers were rushed and ran to the Customs House where Captain Preston gave his soldiers unloaded guns. The mob of people began throwing snowballs at the soldiers (some with rocks) and the soldiers began loading their guns, against the orders of Captain Preston. One event lead to another, and before it had ended people were killed or wounded. The soldiers were put on trial, 2 were found guilty for manslaughter. As punishment, they spent 2 days in jail.

__**Intolerable Acts**__: passed in 1774, in response to the Boston Tea Party, Boston Massacre, etc. Closed the Boston Port. It stated that the port would not be opened until the tea that had been dumped in the water had been paid for.
 * **Quebec Act**: Gave religious freedom to the Catholics living in Quebec.
 * **Quartering Act**: Gave the soldiers the freedom to quarter wherever they wanted without financial compensation
 * **Administration of Justice Act**: Gave governor the ability to move a trial to another colony or England if he believed they would not receive a fair trial where they were.

September 24, 2009
 * __Common Sense__**: a pamphlet written by Thomas Paine. It was written in two parts. The first states what governments rightfully have power to do and tax. The second part states the ways that the King and Britain are abusing that power and what they are doing wrong.

Published in January of 1776, at a time when colonists began want independence.


 * __Lexington & Concord__**: Word gets to the British that the Sons of Liberty are hiding out in Concord and Britain sends group of soldiers to get them. Paul Revere famous ride warns the Sons of Liberty of Britain's coming. The militia of 75 colonist assemble on the the Green in Lexington to prevent the 700 British soldiers from marching through to Concord. A battle ensued. 8 colonist were killed and 10 wounded. The British march through to Concord to search for stored weapons and ammunition. The could not find anything so they march back. Several hundred colonial militia men ambush them and drive the British back. They march back to Boston. By the end of the day, 273 British soldiers and 94 colonist were killed.


 * __Enlightenment__**: from 1700's-1800's. Began in Europe and came to America. A time in western philosophy and cultural life in which reason was advocated as the primary source and legitimacy for authority. Thomas Jefferson's ideas, and many Founding Fathers for that matter, were greatly influenced by Enlightenment thinkers (John Locke). Prior to America, people could not own their own property (except for the wealthy).

October 1, 2009
 * __Declaration of Independence__**: a document drafted in 1776 declaring the Colonies independence from Britain.

Began with the meeting of the First Continental Congress in Philadelphia. Some delegates were sent to fight for independence and some are sent to be loyal to the King. The delegates for independence win the fight and a committee puts together the Declaration of Independence. The Committee of Five, consisting of John Adams (Massachusetts), Benjamin Franklin (Pennsylvania), Robert Livingston (New York), Thomas Jefferson (Virginia), and Roger Sherman (Connecticut). Thomas Jefferson was the primary writer, with the others editing and making changes. At the time, Jefferson was only 33 years old. He began on the 11 of June and by the 28th of the same month, the Continental Congress votes for independence. The Declaration was released to the public on July 2nd. Independence Day is celebrated on July 4th because that is the day the wording was approved by Congress.


 * __Revolutionary War__**: The war for independence between the Colonies and Britain. George Washington was chosen as the Commander-in-Chief of the Continental Army. The Battle of Saratoga turned the tide of the war, landing the French support on the Colonists side. The War is pretty much over after the British surrender at the Battle of Yorktown. 3 years after that, a peace treaty was signed between Britain and the Colonies.


 * __Valley Forge__**: location of the winter camp for the Continental Army.

The soldiers slept in tents out in the open and are pratically starving. Von Stueben (a military officaer from Prussia) comes during this time and trains the army. The soldier's uniforms were ragged and they were starving to death. 1/4 of the 10,000 died that winter in Valley Forge from starvation or freezing to death. Also, the men that are enlisted contracted to fight for 1 year and that winter that 1 year was up and left. Others desert. However, as a result of the training of Von Stueben, the army gains more confidence and believe they will win.


 * __French Support__**: one of the reasons the Colonies even had a chance against Britain during the Revolutionary War. The French were already mad after loosing the 7 years War to the British, but they weren't sure they wanted to take the gamble on the Colonists. After the Battle of Saratoga, they decide to put their support behind the Colonies.

Lafayette was a very important in the French support during the Revolutionary War. He is a very rich, kinda spoiled aristocrat who was raised by his grandparents. At age 14, he even owned his own village and led the boys of the village in battles against cats, dragons, etc. He is sympathetic to the Colonists and comes to America offering his help. The French, with the help of Lafayette provide money to buy uniforms, weapons & ammunition, soldiers, and ships.

October 9, 2009
 * __Articles of Confederation__**: written in 1777, took 4 years to ratify. There make up the new colonial government after the Declaration of Independence, composed of 13 statements. 13 separate states with their own sovereign governments with one central government over all. The central government has few powers, most powers were concentrated within the states. The states unify in times of war and for the general welfare. Each state is given one vote in Congress. The central government can declare war or peace, makes the army and navy, but the state militias must agree. The high officials were chosen by the central government, the lesser officers are chosen by the states. The central government can set the weights and measures for currency. 9 states have to agree when admitting a new state into the union. Confederation assumes prior war debt. Also, the Articles can only be altered by unanimous state agreement. The Articles give the central government no power to tax.


 * __Shays' Rebellion__**: Named after Daniel Shays. Shays fought in the Revolutionary War and because he wasn't being paid, he left during Valley Forge. Many of the soldiers were farmers, fought it the War and were not paid. Their families are starving and they have no money to pay taxes or their debts, so their houses are being taken away. A group of former soldiers led by Shays burn courthouses where the land records are held so that they government can't tax them. The governor of Massachusetts raises his own private army to retaliate. The two sides race to a federal arsenal, but the governor's army arrives first. Shays' group arrives only a few hours later. The commander of the private army orders a warning shot to be fired over their heads. The warning shot was never fired, instead, it was fired into the middle of Shays group. It kills some and wounds many and the group disappears. Over 1000 men are arrested, held for some time, and then released. Two men are hung. Daniel Shays is eventually released.

October 13, 2009 Federalists: People who were in favor of the Constitution, wrote the Federalists Papers (papers which were published in the newspapers in urging the states to ratify the Constitution). Supported a treaty with England. Anti-Federalists: People who were against the Constitution, supported a treaty with France.
 * __Federalists/Anti-Federalists__**:


 * __Jay's Treaty__**: The American colonies wanted the British troops out of the United States, a border between United States and Canada, Britain to stop capturing American ships (filled with supplies to trade with France), and to stop giving guns to the Indians. America agrees that if they agree to stop doing this, America will trade with them, rather than with France.

After the Treaty passed, word gets back to America and the states are furious. They had just rid themselves of Britain and now they are back to trading with them.

__**XYZ Affair**__: During the French Revolution, the Minister to France, went to see the the leaders of the government. Three French agents, publicly known as X, Y, and Z told the Minister and his group that the only way that they could see Tallyran (the leader of France) is if they paid a bribe of 50,000 francs, a $10 million dollar loan to France, a $250,000 personal bribe to Tallyran and a formal apology from US President John Adams for comments he made. The United States was offended and traded almost exclusively with England because of it.


 * __Alien & Sedition Acts__**:

Alien Act: States that the United States can deport an immigrant if they have been in the country for 14 years or less for no apparent reason.

Sedition Act: States that if you publish anything against what the President said or did, you can be put in jail

October 19, 2009 __**War of 1812**__: United States vs Canada and England. The Canadians attacked Washington D.C and burns down the Capitol. The last war that America has with England to guarantee it's freedom


 * __National Bank__**: The bank is owned by the government instead of by private corporations. During John Adams presidency, he begins a national bank. Jefferson comes into office and gets rid of it. About 25 years later, another national bank is formed. Andrew Jackson deems it illegal and gets rid of it again. We do not have a national bank today, but we do have FDIC (Federal Deposit Insurance Company). It insures bank customers by guaranteeing $100,000 in case of a bank failing.


 * __Whiskey Rebellion__**: in 1791, Alexander Hamilton put a 25% tax on whiskey to raise money to pay soldiers and the national debt. It mad the corn farmers made and in 1794, culminated in the fight between the Whiskey Boys (mostly in Pennsylvania) and George Washington's federal troops. The federal troops captures about 75 workers, haul them back East, and put them on trial. Most are acquitted of the charges because they didn't have much to do with it.


 * __Louisiana Purchase__**: the sale of 828,800 square miles of French land (called Louisiana) to the United States in 1803. The United States paid 15 million dollars for it. [[image:file/view/800px-United_States_1803-04-1804-03.png width="560" height="376" align="right"]]

Many farmers back then used the Port of New Orleans because it was easier to just ship in down the Mississippi. After a while, France decides that they don't want to let the United States use it anymore. The United States offers to first buy New Orleans for 8 million, but Napoleon decides that if he sells New Orleans, he might as well sell all of the French Territory for 15 million. Lewis and Clark explore the Louisiana Purchase.

November 3, 2009 A major part of the economy in the South. Usually consisted of large, beautiful homes with many large fields. The majority of plantations were maintained with slaves and indentured servants because the climate was great for growing labor extensive cash crops such as tobacco, rice, and cotton. Wealthy white plantations owners passed their plantations down to their sons, and married their daughters off to other plantations owners. Sometimes 3 generations would live in one house. Their children were always very well educated. All learned to sing, play the piano, French, etc. The boys would be sent to school, and the oldest son was usually sent to school in Europe. However, the slaves were not educated. If a slave were caught reading, they were either whipped or sold.
 * __Plantations__**:


 * __Compromise of 1820__**: A compromise that formed a political line at 36 30' N line. Every new state that formed north of the line was automatically a free state. Every state below was a slave state.

__**Nullification Crisis**__: a crisis that begins in Congress over two teriff bills in 1832. South Carolina passes a law that essentially states that any law that the Federal Government passes that harms South Carolina, they will ignore. The North tells them they can't do that. South Carolina threatens to succeed from the Union. This threatens to tear the United States apart. 20 years later, this causes the eruption of the Civil War, and the South succeeds from the Union.


 * __Monroe Doctrine__**: a policy written during the presidency of James Monroe. During this period of time, Spanish and Portuguese colonies decide they want their independence. Essentially, the policy states that the United States pretty much owns the Western world (North and South America) and that Europe should stay in their part of the world and the United States will stay in their part of the world.


 * __Indian Removal__**: President Andrew Jackson (a hero of the War of 1812) negotiates treaties with the Indians to remove them from their lands. Some Indians agreed to the treaties because they did not want to leave. Other tribes, such as the Cherokees fought against it. They tried to use legal means to protect themselves. The Supreme Court rules that the Cherokees have the right to self government. Later, Congress passes the Indian Removal Act. This leads to what the Cherokees call "the Trail of Tears", which is the removal of the Cherokees from their lands in Georgia and Tennessee to Oklahoma.

November 11, 2009
 * __Education Reform__**: With the exception of the rich plantation owners, the North cared more about educating their children than the South did. Most children in the South were needed on the farms and therefore, could not attend school. Many of the schools were private schools that only the rich could afford. However, there were some charity schools. The country finally decided to do something about educating their children and states started to require education and provide schools. Eventually, all states require


 * __Women's Rights__**: During the 1800s, women were considered intellectually inferior and a major source of temptation and evil. Women wanted the right to vote, hold a public office, obtain a higher education, serve in the military, work, and equal pay in the job. The first women's rights convention was held in Seneca Falls, New York in 1848. They wrote a constitution. Some key people were Elizabeth Katie Stanton, Susan B. Anthony, Lucy Stone. In 1850, a group of doctors set up a college from women gynecologists. In 1870, the 15th amendment was ratified. It did not specifically deny women the right to vote. During the next two years, many women tried to vote. Susan B. Anthony and her followers pushed for the right to vote. Finally with the passing of the 19th amendment, women receive the right to vote.
 * __Temperance__**: in 1789, a group of farmer began a Temperance(non-alcoholic) community. These communities began to spread across the United States. By the 1880s, this movement was led by churches and taught total abstinence from alcohol. One of the well known leaders of the Temperance movement was Carrie Nation. Her husband was a drunk and their daughter was sickly. She blamed it on her husband and left him. He died about a year later. She later married David Nation. She would close salons by herself, first by praying in front of it and if they didn't leave, would throw rocks and destroy the salons. The Temperance movement led to the prohibition of alcohol.


 * __Capitalism__**: Companies produce goods. Capital=resources a company needs to make money. Any profit made is used to pay wages, maintain the company, and the owner gets to keep the rest.

November 13, 2009
 * __Trade Unions__**: in the 1800s, tradesmen in large cities began to form unions that used strikes in order receive higher wages and better working conditions. An organization called the IWW (Industrial Workers of the World, a labor union) is formed in Chicago by socialist, anarchists, and radicals from all over the state. The motto was "An injury to one is an injury to all." This Union was not above shooting and using violence to get their points across. Joe Hill (an immigrant from Sweden) joins the IWW and decides he wants to go around encouraging workers to join the IWW. He comes to Utah and gets involved in a sticky situation. A shopowner is Murray and his son are robbed and then killed. They discover Joe Hill who happened to have been wounded the night before, just as the robber had been. He is put on trail and declared guilty. The sentence was execution. Many influential people, such as Helen Keller, the Prime Minister of Sweden, and the President of the United States sent letters telling Utah not to execute him. These letters are ignored and the sentence is carried out. His body is sent back to Chicago and they parade his casket through the streets. This causes many more people to join the IWW.

November 30, 2009 __**Compromise of 1850**__: a compromise between the slave states and the free states, in order to relieve the conflict in Congress over the balance of the slave states and free states. Five main points were:
 * California entered the Union as a Free State
 * The population of the New Mexico and Utah Territories were allowed to choose whether or not they would be Free or Slave (Utah voted to be a slave territory)
 * The Federal Government buys a piece of land from Texas, and Texas uses it to repay the debt incurred by the War with Mexico
 * Slave trade was abolished in DC (District of Columbia)
 * New Fugitive Slave Act: anyone who didn't turn in runaway slaves had to pay a fine

__**Underground Railroad**__: a movement of slaves who are running away from the South, many to Canada. It consisted of a secret network of "safe houses" and people sympathetic to a slave's plight. A slave would travel at night, led by a "Conductor" (usually from the North, or an abolitionist) from safe house to safe house. Sometimes they traveled in wagons, but many times they walked, usually 10-20 miles a night. The punishment for being caught was a severe whipping, death, or being sold deeper South. Harriet Tubman, a former slave, was a famous Conductor on the Underground Railroad. She traveled to the South a total 14 times, leading 70 people to freedom.

__**Abolitionism**__: a belief that slaves should be free. Most promienent in the North. Horace Greeley and William Garrison, both newspaper editors, are two very well known and powerful Abolisionists.

__**Bleeding Kansas**__: a fight in Kansas over whether or not Kansas will be a free state or a slave state. The problem-solvers were actually from Missouri. Missouri was a Slave State and wanted Kansas to be one also. A groupd called Rednecks would ride into Kansas wearing red bandanas around their neck, shoot up the town, find someone against slavery, and drag them behind their horse around town. Kansas would retaliate by attacking a town in Missouri, etc. One a Sunday morning, a group from Missouri rode into Lawrence, Kansas (which was mostly anti-slavery) and went house to house finding the men and killing them. These numerous battles became known as Bleeding Kansas, because Kansas was literally bleeding __**John Brown**__: was an abolitionist, leads an army from the North to attack Missouri in retaliation for Bleeding Kansas. On October 16, 1859, his army raided a federal arsenal at Harpers Ferry, Virginia. His army was caught, and many of his men were killed. Brown was wounded and moved to Charles Town, Virginia. He was charged with treason and executed. This event helped to spark the Civil War. Victor Hugo wrote a letter to the U.S. to try and get them to pardon Brown. He warned that failure to do so could possibly erupt in a civil war. "Politically speaking, the murder of John Brown would be an uncorrectable sin. It would create in the Union a latent fissure that would in the long run dislocate it. Brown's agony might perhaps consolidate slavery in Virginia, but it would certainly shake the whole American democracy. You save your shame, but you kill your glory. Morally speaking, it seems a part of the human light would put itself out, that the very notion of justice and injustice would hide itself in darkness, on that day where one would see the assassination of Emancipation by Liberty itself. Let America know and ponder on this: there is something more frightening than Cain killing Abel, and that is Washington killing [|Spartacus]."

__**Election of 1860**__: November 6, 1860. In the North, the election was between Stephen A. Douglas (Northern Democrat) and Abraham Lincoln (Republican). Only Douglas gave speeches. Because Lincoln was Republican, everyone assumed he was anti-slavery. However, he was not. He did not want slavery to spread any further, but he was willing to let the South do what they wanted. In the South, the election was between John C. Breckenridge (Southern Democrat) and John Bell (Constitutional Union). The majority of the South was Democratic, but since two of the candidates were Democrat, the votes were split between the two, and Lincoln wins the election. He won only two counties in the South, so the majority of his votes came from the North.

December 2, 2009
 * __Secession__**: Back in the 1800s, a newly elected President did not take office until March. Because Abraham Lincoln was elected by the North, the South reacts to his election by taking actions to secede from the Union and form their own country. The secession begins with South Carolina and their passing of the Secession Act.


 * __Confederate States of America__**: Eleven states secede from the United States of America and form the Confederate States of America. The Confederacy tries to recruit borderline states, such as Tennessee, to join them. In February 1861, they begin to prepare for Lincoln's presidency by recruiting politicians, weapons, and military leaders to protect themselves. In April, Lincoln decides he will not allow the South to secede because it will tear the whole nation apart. The fight begins with the battle at Fort Sumter. The Fort is controlled by the North, but the South lays siege to it. Lincoln sends supplies to the Fort, and the South puts up a fight and actually begins the Civil War. Jefferson Davis becomes President.


 * __Anaconda Plan__**: a strategy of the North in the Civil War. The plan consisted of first, blockading Southern ports, and then sending a army of 80,00 men down the Mississippi to split the South in half.


 * __Civil War__**:The South retaliates by trying to the Anaconda Plan by trying to overthrow Washington. This resulted in the First Battle of Bull Run, which the South wins. The North realizes that the South is serious. Lincoln has to fire the first two generals because they will not do anything. Finally, Lincoln gets General Grant to be the general and he does his job.


 * __Emancipation Proclamation__**: Issued January 1, 1863, by President Lincoln. It declared that every slave in the South was free.


 * __Reconstruction__**: a policy between 1865-1867 instituted by President Lincoln, and carried out by VP Andrew Johnson. Afterwards, Congress takes over the movement. The plan gets rid of states rights, and gives more power to the nation as a whole. Any state that won't change their state laws to declare slaves free wouldn't be allowed by into the Union. They also had to declare an oath of loyalty. Lincoln and Johnson's plan wanted to offer more mercy to the South to unite the Union faster. However, Congress wanted to make the South pay.

December 10, 2009
 * __Homesteading__**: Homesteading Act of 1862 granted 160 acres to every adult citizen who could pay a registration fee of about $20 and will agree to live on it for 5 years and improve it, after which they would be given a deed. One way to give away land was called a land rush. Oklahoma was famous for this.


 * __Immigration__**: Ellis Island was one of the key factors of immigration in the United States. Many of the immigrants who came to the United States came from Russia (Jews), England, Ireland (Potato Famine), Southern Europe. The mid-nineteenth century showed a boom of immigration. Congress issued a Quota Act in the 1920s, putting a damper on legal immigration.
 * __Ellis Island__**: Founded by Samuel Ellis. The Indians called it "Little Oyster Island". From 1892-1954, Ellis Island was a port for immigration. One problem faced by Ellis Island was the sick immigrants. If you were sick, you were put in a room with other sick people. Sometimes, people would die there before they were able to get to the United States. Also, because of the many different languages, and the clerks only spoke English, many last names were changes. 40% of Americans came through Ellis Island. About 2% of immigrants were not allowed into the country and turned away. The record for the most immigrants processed through Ellis Island in one was was 11, 747.


 * __Urban Life__**: When immigrants arrived in the United States, most of them stayed in the big cities to find work. The different ethnic groups would stick together. Many times, because the immigrants were poor in those areas, the crime would go up and sanitation.


 * __Progressives__**: A group of people who want to fix the problems of America, such as finding better schools, or cleaner water, for the benefit of everyone and getting rid of political machines. The progressives take several political bosses to court and get them convicted of crimes, such as bribing.


 * __Imperialism__**:
 * __Spanish American War__**: Cuba wants to its independence from Spain. The United States sends a battleship, The Maine, down to Cuba to protect it's citizens in Cuba. In 1898, The Maine exploded, and the United States declares war on Spain. A fight ensues and last 4 months. On December 10, Spain and the United States sign the Treaty of Paris, ending the war. The United States wins independence for Cuba, and receives the Philippines and Guam.