Term+3+Test+Questions

__**Suffragettes:**__ Suffragette was originally a derogatory term first used by the //Daily Mail// to describe the women's suffrage movement in the United Kingdom. In the United States, the women's suffrage movement first began to catch on during the mid 1800s. In 1848, Gerrit Smith, a politician and first cousin to Elizabeth Cady Stanton (well known suffragette) was nominated as the Liberty Party candidate for President. The two cousins enjoyed debating politics and during the Liberty Party's National Convention, Smith gave a speech calling for "universal suffrage in its broadest sense, females as well as males being entitled to vote." At the convention, five votes were placed for Lucretia Mott as Smith's Vice President. This was the first time in history that a woman had ever been nominated to a federal-executive office. Also in 1848, Lucretia Mott, Elizabeth Cady Stanton, and Mary Ann M'Clintock hosted the Seneca Falls Convention for women's rights in Upstate New York. About 300 people attended, including well known abolitionist Frederick Douglass, who spoke in favor of women's rights. In 1850, a larger National Women's Rights Convention was held. Lucy Stone, along with Pauline Kellogg Wright Davis, Abby Kelley Foster, William Lloyd Garrison, and Wendall Phillips were the main organizers. A speech delivered by Lucy Stone inspired perhaps the most well known activists, Susan B. Anthony, to join the cause. During many of the early prominent Conventions held by suffragettes, Elizabeth Cady Stanton was noticeably absent. Neither her father nor her husband supported her women's rights opinions and her growing family demanded her attention. When Stanton met 31-year old Susan B. Anthony in 1851, the two formed a formidable partnership. Anthony was a tireless and gifted organizer, while Stanton was a sharp thinker. In 1869, the pair formed the National Woman Suffrage Association (NWSA). The purpose of the Association was to secure the right of women to vote with an amendment to the Constitution. However, they opposed the passage of the 15th amendment (which granted black men the right to vote) unless it was revised to allow women the right to vote as well. During that same year, Lucy Stone organized the American Woman Suffrage Association (AWSA), a larger and more moderate organization which included both men and women in it's membership. The AWSA, unlike the NWSA, supported the passage of the 15th amendment, securing first the right of black men to vote before moving on to women's suffrage. In 1887, Lucy Stone called for the two divided organizations to merge. Finally in 1890, the two Associations were combined, forming the National American Woman Suffrage Association. That same year, Wyoming was admitted into the Union as the first state to allow women the right to vote. Colorado followed suit in 1893. Most of the Western states were more friendly to the idea of women voting than the Eastern states. Finally, during the summer of 1920 and with the ratification of the Nineteenth Amendment, women in all states were given the right to vote.

Eugene Victor Debs was born on November 5, 1855 to well to do French immigrants, Jean Daniel and Marguerite Marie Bettrich Debs in Terre Haute, Indiana. Eugene's father At the young age of 14, Eugene dropped out of school to become a painter in the railroad yards. He became a boilerman in 1870, during which time he attended a local business school at night. He returned home in 1874 and became a grocer clerk. The following year, he helped to found the Brotherhood of Locomotive Firemen, and served as the group's secretary. He quickly worked his way up. He first served as the assistant editor for the Brotherhood's magazine and then the editor and Grand Secretary in 1880. In addition, at the same time Deb was rising as prominent political figure. He was elected the Indiana General Assembly, serving as a Democrat, in 1884 for one term.Deb decided that the Brotherhood and other unions were too conservative for him and so, in 1893, he stepped down as Grand Secretary to form another union. Subsequently, Debs formed one of the first industrial unions in the US, the American Railroad Union (ARU). The ARU was heavily involved in strikes that altered the course of history. One of the most consequential strikes was the Pullman Strike in 1894. Following the Panic of 1893, the Pullman Company which manufactured luxury railroad cars, cut workers wages by almost 28%. The workers, most of whom were members of the ARU appealed to Debs to support them in their strike. Initially, Debs discouraged the workers, feeling that the Union was too weak and that the hostility from both the federal government and the railroads was too great. However, the workers ignored his warnings and continued with the strike and boycotted any Pullman cars or any other cars connected to them. At this point, Deb decided to join the strike and with his eventual leadership, it became known as Debs' Rebellion. The United State government intervened, saying that strikers were obstructing the delivery of U.S. mail by their refusal to work. The President at the time, Grover Cleveland, sent the United States Army to break up the strike. As a result, 13 people were killed, thousands were blacklisted, an estimated $80 million dollars in property damage, and Debs was imprisoned for contempt of the court for violating a federal issued injunction. A later Supreme Court case, //In re Debs//, upheld the Federal Government's right to issue an injunction. At the time of his arrest, Debs was not a socialist. However, during his imprisonment in Woodstock, Illinois, he read the works of Karl Marx. After he was released in 1895, Debs began his Socialist political career. He founded the Social Democracy of America. A year later, he was involved in the formation of the Socialistic Democractic Party of America. He ran for President of the United States four times, in 1904, 1908, 1912, and 1920. The final time, he ran for President from prison. In later years, Debs co-founded the IWW (Industrial Workers of the World), and spent this time tirelessly giving speeches against war.
 * __Eugene V. Debs:__**

__**President Theodore Roosevelt:**__ Theodore Roosevelt was 26th President of the United States. He was born on October 27, 1858 in New York City. His family quite wealthy. As a child, Roosevelt was sickly and suffered from asthma. As a result, he generally stayed home and studied his passion: natural history. However, because he was asthmatic as a child, during his adult years he lived a very physically active lifestyle. He attended college at Harvard, where he boxed and became interested in naval affairs. Just a year out of Harvard he ran as a state legislator. He was busy heading the US Department of the Navy when the Spanish American War broke out. In response, Roosevelt resigned from the Navy and led a small group of men, known as the Rough Riders into Cuba. Because of his courage in this conflict, he was nominated for the Medal of Honor. After his return, he was elected Governor of New York. A short two years later, he was elected as Vice President of the United States. In 1901, President McKinley was assassinated. Vice President Roosevelt took over the presidency at age 42. He was the youngest US President to ever take office in history. During his administration, he coined the term "Square Deal" which emphasized that the average Joe would get treated fairly under him. Although Roosevelt was a Republican, he attempted to move the party toward progressivism. During his presidency, he was the forced behind the completion of the Panama Canal and negotiated the end to the Russo-Japanese War, for which he was awarded a Nobel Peace Prize. Roosevelt did not run for re-election in 1908, leaving it up to his anointed successor, President Taft. During this time, he safaried in Africa and toured Europe. However, he was not satisfied with Taft's management and ran for re-election in 1912. However, Taft received the Republican nomination instead. In a final attempt to run for President, he founded the Bull Moose Party and ran for President in 1916. However, Woodrow Wilson won the presidency. After this failure, he went on a trip to South America. While there he contracted malaria which greatly damaged his health. He died from the effects a few year later at age 60.

The Hull House was founded in 1889 by Jane Addams and Ellen Gates Starr in Chicago, Illinois. It immediately opened it's doors to recently arrived immigrants and helped them get on their feet. The Hull House was patterned after the Toynbee Hall Settlement House, which was founded just six years before in the East End of London. Addams described Toynbee Hall as "a community of university men" who, while living there, held their recreational clubs and social gatherings at the settlement house...among the poor people and in the same style they would in their own circle." Essentially, the Hull House became the same things, except it was a community of university women, whose main purpose was to provide social and educational opportunities for working class immigrants in the surrounding communities. The volunteers at the Hull House offered classes in cooking, sewing, literature, art, history, among many others.
 * __Hull House:__**

At the turn of the twentieth century, more than half the population of New York City, mostly immigrants, lived in tenement apartments. Tenement apartments were generally narrow, low-rise buildings that were severely overcrowded. Because of the close quarters, occupants were frequently the victims of outbreaks of cholera, typhus and tuberculosis. Jacob Riis, a photographer, went around taking pictures of these conditions as an attempt of bring awareness to the situation. He said of the conditions, "In a room not thirteen feet either way slept twelve men and women, two or three in bunks set in a sort of alcove, the rest on the floor. A kerosene lamp burned dimly in the fearful atmosphere, probably to guide other and later arrivals to their beds, for it was only just past midnight. A baby’s fretful wail came from an adjoining hall-room, where, in the semi-darkness, three recumbent figures could be made out. The apartment was one of three in two adjoining buildings we had found, within half an hour, similarly crowded. Most of the men were lodgers, who slept there for five cents a spot."
 * __Tenements:__**

__**Triangle Shirtwaist**__ **__Factory:__** The Triangle Shirtwaist Company was a company which produced women's blouses (called shirtwaist's) and employed mostly young immigrant women. The company took up the eight, ninth, and tenth floors of the Asch Building in New York City. On Saturday, March 25, 1911, near the end of the workday, a fire ignited in a scrap bin on the eighth floor. A bookkeeper was able to telephone the news to workers on the tenth floor. However, the building contained no fire alarm and there was no means of contact to the ninth floor. Those on the ninth floor received warning of the fire at the same instant the fire arrived on the ninth floor.Most of the women could not escape because the owners locked the doors to the exits and stairwells to prevent workers from taking cigarette breaks outside during their shifts, as well as to keep them a full work day. As the fire got worse, women on the ninth and tenth floors began to jump out the windows because they couldn't unlock the doors and the ladders from the fire trucks couldn't reach them. Louis Waldman, who watched this happen said "One Saturday afternoon in March of that year — March 25, to be precise — I was sitting at one of the reading tables in the old Astor Library... It was a raw, unpleasant day and the comfortable reading room seemed a delightful place to spend the remaining few hours until the library closed. I was deeply engrossed in my book when I became aware of fire engines racing past the building. Along with several others in the library, I ran out to see what was happening, and followed crowds of people to the scene of the fire. A few blocks away, the Asch Building at the corner of Washington Place and Greene Street was ablaze. When we arrived at the scene, the police had thrown up a cordon around the area and the firemen were helplessly fighting the blaze. The eighth, ninth, and tenth stories of the building were now an enormous roaring cornice of flames. Word had spread through the East Side, by some magic of terror, that the plant of the Triangle Waist Company was on fire and that several hundred workers were trapped. Horrified and helpless, the crowds — I among them — looked up at the burning building, saw girl after girl appear at the reddened windows, pause for a terrified moment, and then leap to the pavement below, to land as mangled, bloody pulp. This went on for what seemed a ghastly eternity. Occasionally a girl who had hesitated too long was licked by pursuing flames and, screaming with clothing and hair ablaze, plunged like a living torch to the street. Life nets held by the firemen were torn by the impact of the falling bodies. The emotions of the crowd were indescribable. Women were hysterical, scores fainted; men wept as, in paroxysms of frenzy, they hurled themselves against the police lines." Many of the 146 workers who died were immigrant women, which helped growth of the Internation Ladies' Garment Workers' Union. It was the greatest workplace accident in New York City, until the attack on the World Trade Centers on September 11, 2001.

The first three decades of the twentieth century saw the rise of the modern income tax. By 1913, fiscal reformers had put together a new constitutional amendment that would give the federal government the authority to levy the income tax. In it's first two years, the tax was conservative, providing a very small part of the federal budget. However, World War I came along and changed all of that. It made the income tax the very center of federal finances. By the early 1920s, in income tax had become a firmly established centerpiece in the federal tax system
 * __Graduated Income Tax:__**

__**Plessy v. Ferguson:**__ Homer Plessy was 1/8 black. He intentionally boarded a white bus and refused to get off. He was arrested and pled guilty to the offense. He was fined and refused to pay the fine to test the law. The case went to the Supreme Court and they upheld the constitutionality of racial segregation in public places.

__**Political Machines:**__ //Encyclopaedia Britannica// defines "political machine" as, "in U.S. politics, a party organization, headed by a single boss or small autocratic group, that commands enough votes to maintain political and administrative control of a city, county, or state." The definition from dictionary.com is "a group that controls the activities of a political party." Therefore, a political machines is a group, whether large or small, in which an authoritative boss or group controls a group of supporters who receive rewards for their efforts. Many times, political machines will have political bosses and supporters will be rewarded by receiving positions of power after the endorsed candidate. Machines are generally permanent, rather than organized for a single election.

__**Red Scare:**__ The Red Scare indicates two different periods in the history of the United States characterized by strong anti-communist feelings. The First Red Scare refers to the period between 1917 to 1920. It was about worker revolution and political radicalism. The First Red Scare was triggered by the Bolshevik Revolution in 1917 and World War I. Historical author L.B. Murrary wrote “a nation-wide anti-radical hysteria provoked by a mounting fear and anxiety that a Bolshevik revolution in America was imminent — a revolution that would destroy [private] property, Church, home, marriage, civility, and the American way of Life.” Those political fears soon morphed in to a nation wide xenophobia of all immigrants, despite their political views. Strikes by unions, such as the IWW, were largely viewed as radical threats to American society (maybe they were?). In 1919, the police discovered a plot consisting of mailing thirty bombs to eminent member so the US goverment and members of the economic Establishment (ie J.P Morgan, John D Rockefeller, US Attorney General Palmer, and US Supreme Court Justic Oliver Wendall Holmes.) The Attorney General's house was damaged by one of the bombs, which killed the bomber (who was identified as a Italian-American radical). Attorney General Palmer launched what became known as the Palmer raids, with instructions to the FBI that political prisoners could be interrogated with out legal counsel and have a excessively high bail put on them. Originally, the raids were praised, especially by the press. However, during the end years of the First Red Scare, the raids and US Attorney General Palmer lost much crediblity.